Limits of lateral expansion in two-dimensional materials with line defects

The flexibility of two-dimensional (2D) materials enables static and dynamic ripples that are known to cause lateral contraction, shrinking the material boundary. However, limits 2D materials' expansion unknown. Therefore, here we discuss intrinsic modified by compressive line defects. Using thin sheet elasticity theory sequential multiscale modeling, find is inevitably limited onset rippling. maximum ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\text{max}}\ensuremath{\approx}2.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{t}^{2}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{d}$, governed elastic thickness $t$ defect density ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{d}$, remains typically well below 1%. In addition providing insight mechanical applications, results highlight potential defects in strain engineering, since for graphene they suggest giant pseudomagnetic fields can exceed 1000 T.